Since the beginning of 2025, four copper mining companies—one British and three Chinese—have been accused of causing severe environmental damage in Zambia by releasing toxic waste into the Kafue River watershed. The most devastating incident occurred on February 18 when a tailings dam at Sino-Metals Leach Zambia (a Chinese firm) burst, releasing 50 million litres of acidic effluent. The spill killed fish, destroyed crops, and harmed livestock, devastating local livelihoods. Another Chinese-owned mine, Rongxing Investments, faced accusations of acid spills and a worker fatality, leading to the arrest of its director. Meanwhile, Mimbula Mine, owned by British firm Moxico Resources, was linked to a January toxic spill that polluted water sources. A fourth company, Ozone Mine (Chinese-owned), was accused of discharging chemical waste, causing crop failures and waterborne diseases.

The spill has sparked public outrage, especially as Zambia aims to quadruple copper production by 2031 to meet global demand for electric vehicles. Environment Minister Collins Nzovu called the Sino-Metals spill a 'serious environmental disaster', blaming inadequate safety measures. A multi-agency task force has been formed to investigate and enforce penalties. Environmental groups are calling for the companies to be prosecuted, citing minimal accountability in previous incidents. The Kafue River, vital for irrigation, fishing and drinking water for millions, remains at risk. While Sino-Metals has apologised and promised clean-up efforts, activists are calling for stricter regulations and compensation for affected communities.